J. For. Sci., 2026, 72(8):400-421 | DOI: 10.17221/52/2026-JFS

Laboratory synthesis of ectomycorrhizae between ectomycorrhizal fungi and Pinus hostsReview

Jinqiu Li1, Xiaofei Shi2, Jing Li1
1 Southwest Forestry University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
2 Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are integral components of forest ecosystems, playing crucial roles in ecological succession and biodiversity maintenance. Fossil evidence suggests that Pinaceae represent one of the earliest ectomycorrhiza-forming host lineages, and that the symbiotic relationship between Pinus species and ECM fungi is characterised by strong host specificity. Ectomycorrhizal fungi functionally substitute for root hairs, expanding the absorptive surface area of host root systems, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake, improving stress tolerance, and boosting the survival of outplanted seedlings. In recent years, ECM has garnered widespread attention and been widely applied in fields including forest seedling cultivation, stress-site afforestation, plant disease management, and edible mycorrhizal fungi utilisation. The ecological and practical importance of ectomycorrhizae has driven current research to focus on mechanisms of symbiosis establishment, ecological functions, and application strategies. However, progress in these research areas is highly dependent on the improvement and optimisation of experimental systems and methodologies for the synthesis of ectomycorrhizae. This review focuses on common methods for the laboratory synthesis of ectomycorrhizae (Figure 1), systematically summarising the fundamental principles, operational procedures, advantages, and limitations of key techniques, including two classic culture systems (sterile growth pouch system and agar plate symbiosis system) and two main inoculation approaches (mycelial plug inoculation and spore inoculation). It aims to provide a methodological reference for fundamental research on ectomycorrhizae and for their application in Pinus seedling cultivation and ecological restoration.

Keywords: ecological restoration; inoculation methods; host specificity; nutrient uptake; symbiosis establishment

Received: June 29, 2026; Revised: August 15, 2026; Accepted: August 17, 2026; Published: August 31, 2026  Show citation

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Li J, Shi X, Li J. Laboratory synthesis of ectomycorrhizae between ectomycorrhizal fungi and Pinus hosts. Journal of Forest Science. 2026;72(8):400-421. doi: 10.17221/52/2026-JFS.
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