J. For. Sci., 2026, 72(4):161-173 | DOI: 10.17221/19/2026-JFS

Hydrological risks of clear-cuts after the bark beetle outbreaks and related forest management decisions in Central EuropeReview

Vít ©rámek ORCID..., Kateřina Neudertová Hellebrandová ORCID..., Věra Fadrhonsová ORCID...
Department of Forest Ecology, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic

The review synthesises current knowledge on the hydrological and hydrochemical risks associated with large-scale clear-cutting following unprecedented bark beetle outbreaks in Central Europe. By analysing 107 sources published primarily between 2000 and 2026, we evaluate the divergent impacts of natural forest dieback versus intensive salvage logging. The rapid loss of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] canopy has fundamentally altered the microclimate, shifting the energy balance from latent to sensible heat flux, which results in ground temperature increases of up to 5.2 °C. Hydrological consequences include a 16–48% reduction in interception and a cessation of transpiration, leading to an increase in annual water yield by 6–21% and potentially accelerated peak discharges, particularly in headwater catchments where maximum flows can increase by over 50%. The synthesis highlights a critical 'nitrate pulse' exceeding 50 mg·L–1 in managed areas, contrasting with higher hydrochemical resilience in unmanaged stands. We emphasise that forest management must ensure sufficient soil protection during the logging and wood transportation, which can reduce hydraulic conductivity by over 40%. The role of logging residues is important because they cover and protect the soil environment. The study concludes that utilising pioneer species and spontaneous succession in combination with timely artificial reforestation represents a superior strategy for stabilising the microclimate and restoring hydrological functions.

Keywords: catchment management; ecohydrology; forest disturbance; Ips typographus; microclimate buffering; nitrogen leaching; salvage logging; soil compaction

Received: February 23, 2026; Revised: April 22, 2026; Accepted: April 23, 2026; Published: April 29, 2026  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
©rámek V, Neudertová Hellebrandová K, Fadrhonsová V. Hydrological risks of clear-cuts after the bark beetle outbreaks and related forest management decisions in Central Europe. Journal of Forest Science. 2026;72(4):161-173. doi: 10.17221/19/2026-JFS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Achat D.L., Deleuze C., Landmann G., Pousse N., Ranger J., Augusto L. (2015): Quantifying consequences of removing harvesting residues on forest soils and tree growth - A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 348: 124-141. Go to original source...
    2. Aussenac G. (2000): Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture. Annals of Forest Science, 57: 287-301. Go to original source...
    3. Bearup L.A., Maxwell R.M., Clow D.W., McCray J.E. (2014): Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds. Nature Climate Change, 4: 481-486. Go to original source...
    4. Beetz K., Marrs C., Busse A., Poděbradská M., Kinalczyk D., Kranz J., Forkel M. (2025): Effects of bark beetle disturbance and fuel types on fire radiative power and burn severity in the Bohemian-Saxon Switzerland. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 98: 59-70. Go to original source...
    5. Belko M., Tučeková A., Longauer R., Longauerová V., Mačejovský V., Horvát I. (2024): Research on an effective artificial regeneration method for selected commercially important coniferous tree species on a large sanitation cut site situated in the Javorníky Mts., Western Carpathians. Journal of Forest Science, 70: 353-367. Go to original source...
    6. Bennett B.M., Barton G.A. (2018): The enduring link between forest cover and rainfall: A historical perspective on science and policy discussions. Forest Ecosystems, 5: 5. Go to original source...
    7. Brodribb T.J., Powers J., Cochard H., Choat B. (2020): Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science, 368: 261-266. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Brown A.E., Western A.W., McMahon T.A., Zhang L. (2013): Impact of forest cover changes on annual streamflow and flow duration curves. Journal of Hydrology, 483: 39-50. Go to original source...
    9. Buendia C., Batalla R.J., Sabater S., Palau A., Marcé R. (2016): Runoff trends driven by climate and afforestation in a Pyrenean Basin. Land Degradation & Development, 27: 823-838. Go to original source...
    10. Cambi M., Certini G., Neri F., Marchi E. (2015): The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 338: 124-138. Go to original source...
    11. Carr A., Apoznański G., Dobrowolska D., Rachwald A. (2025): Outbreaks of European spruce bark beetle dramatically altered Norway spruce-dominated stands with implications for volant wildlife in the Białowieża Forest, Poland. Annals of Forest Science, 82: 29. Go to original source...
    12. Chojnacka-Ożga L., Ożga W., Andrzejczyk T. (2019): Warunki termiczne powietrza na zrębie zupełnym i gnieĽdzie. Sylwan, 163: 655-664. (in Polish)
    13. Das A.K., Baldo M., Dobor L., Seidl R., Rammer W., Modlinger R., Washaya P., Merganičová K., Hlásny T. (2025): The increasing role of drought as an inciting factor of bark beetle outbreaks can cause large-scale transformation of Central European forests. Landscape Ecology, 40: 108. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Dhar A., Forsch K.B.C., Naeth M.A. (2022): Effects of coarse woody debris on soil temperature and water content in two reconstructed soils in reclaimed boreal forest. Soil Systems, 6: 62. Go to original source...
    15. Ellison D., Futter M.N., Bishop K. (2012): On the forest cover-water yield debate: From demand- to supply-side thinking. Global Change Biology, 18: 806-820. Go to original source...
    16. Ellison D., Morris C.E., Locatelli B., Sheil D., Cohen J., Murdiyarso D., Gutierrez V., Noordwijk M.V., Creed I.F., Pokorny J., Gaveau D., Spracklen D.V., Tobella A.B., Ilstedt U., Teuling A.J., Gebrehiwot S.G., Sands D.C., Muys B., Verbist B., Springgay E., Sugandi Y., Sullivan C.A. (2017): Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change, 43: 51-61. Go to original source...
    17. Fischer A., Fischer H.S., Kopecký M., Macek M., Wild J. (2015): Small changes in species composition despite stand-replacing bark beetle outbreak in Picea abies mountain forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 45: 1164-1171. Go to original source...
    18. Frank D.C., Poulter B., Saurer M., Esper J., Huntingford C., Helle G., Treydte K., Zimmermann N.E., Schleser G.H., Ahlström A., Ciais P., Friedlingstein P., Levis S., Lomas M., Sitch S., Viovy N., Andreu-Hayles L., Bednarz Z., Berninger F., Boettger T., D'Alessandro C.M., Daux V., Filot M., Grabner M., Gutierrez E., Haupt M., Hilasvuori E., Jungner H., Kalela-Brundin M., Krapiec M., Leuenberger M., Loader N.J., Marah H., Masson-Delmotte V., Pazdur A., Pawelczyk S., Pierre M., Planells O., Pukiene R., Reynolds-Henne C.E., Rinne K.T., Saracino A., Sonninen E., Stievenard M., Switsur V.R., Szczepanek M., Szychowska-Krapiec E., Todaro L., Waterhouse J.S., Weigl M. (2015): Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene. Nature Climate Change, 5: 579-583. Go to original source...
    19. Gallart F., Llorens P. (2003): Catchment management under environmental change: Impact of land cover change on water resources. Water International, 28: 334-340. Go to original source...
    20. Gohr C., Blumröder J.S., Sheil D., Ibisch P.L. (2021): Quantifying the mitigation of temperature extremes by forests and wetlands in a temperate landscape. Ecological Informatics, 66: 101442. Go to original source...
    21. Gray A., Stone M., Webster K.L., Leach J.A., Buttle J.M., Emelko M.B. (2024): Seasonal- and event-scale stream DOC dynamics in northern hardwood-dominated headwater catchments of contrasting forest harvest history. Water, 16: 2724. Go to original source...
    22. Greiser C., Huo L., Ghaly M., Brown I., Metsu C., Van Meerbeek K., Lehmann P. (2025): Bark beetles as microclimate engineers - Thermal characteristics of infested spruce trees at the canopy surface and below the canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 375: 110796. Go to original source...
    23. Griess V.C., Acevedo R., Härtl F., Staupendahl K., Knoke T. (2012): Does mixing tree species enhance stand resistance against natural hazards? A case study for spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 267: 284-296. Go to original source...
    24. Grunicke S., Queck R., Bernhofer C. (2020): Long-term investigation of forest canopy rainfall interception for a spruce stand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 292-293: 108125. Go to original source...
    25. Haas J., Schack-Kirchner H., Lang F. (2020): Modeling soil erosion after mechanized logging operations on steep terrain in the Northern Black Forest, Germany. European Journal of Forest Research, 139: 549-565. Go to original source...
    26. Hais M., Kučera T. (2008): Surface temperature change of spruce forest as a result of bark beetle attack: Remote sensing and GIS approach. European Journal of Forest Research, 127: 327-336. Go to original source...
    27. Hall J., Scholl M., Gorokhovich Y., Uriarte M. (2022): Forest cover lessens the impact of drought on streamflow in Puerto Rico. Hydrological Processes, 36: e14551. Go to original source...
    28. Hallas T., Steyrer G., Laaha G., Hoch G. (2024): Two unprecedented outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytinae) in Austria since 2015: Different causes and different impacts on forests. Central European Forestry Journal, 70: 263-274. Go to original source...
    29. Hartmann H., Battisti A., Brockerhoff E.G., Bełka M., Hurling R., Jactel H., Oliva J., Rousselet J., Terhonen E., Ylioja T., Melin M., Olson Å., De Prins F., Zhang K., Åslund M.S., Davydenko K., Menkis A., Elfstrand M., Zúbrik M., Kunca A., Galko J., Paulin M., Csóka G., Hoch G., Pernek M., Preidl S., Fischer R. (2025): European forests are under increasing pressure from global change-driven invasions and accelerating epidemics by insects and diseases. Journal of Cultivated Plants, 77: 6-24.
    30. Hashimoto S., Suzuki M. (2004): The impact of forest clear-cutting on soil temperature: A comparison between before and after cutting, and between clear-cut and control sites. Journal of Forest Research, 9: 125-132. Go to original source...
    31. Hedwall P.O., Bergh J., Nordin A. (2015): Nitrogen-retention capacity in a fertilized forest after clear-cutting - The effect of forest-floor vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 45: 130-134. Go to original source...
    32. Hesslerová P., Huryna H., Pokorný J., Procházka J. (2018): The effect of forest disturbance on landscape temperature. Ecological Engineering, 120: 345-354. Go to original source...
    33. Hesslerová P., Huryna H., Pokorný J., Kozumplíková A., Vyskot I. (2022): Changes in the air-conditioning function of forest stands as a result of their decay after the gradation of Ips typographus. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 67: 10-23.
    34. Hlásny T., Kočický D., Maretta M., Sitková Z., Barka I., Konôpka M., Hlavatá H. (2015): Effect of deforestation on watershed water balance: hydrological modelling-based approach. Forestry Journal, 61: 89-100. Go to original source...
    35. Hlásny T., Zimová S., Merganičová K., ©těpánek P., Modlinger R., Turčáni M. (2021): Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications. Forest Ecology and Management, 490: 119075. Go to original source...
    36. Hlásny T., Modlinger R., Gohli J., Seidl R., Krokene P., Bernardinelli I., Blaser S., Brazaitis G., Brazaitytė G., Brockerhoff E.G., Csóka G., Dobor L., De Groot M., Duduman M., Faccoli M., Georgieva M., Georgiev G., Grodzki W., Hartmann H., Hirka A., Hoch G., Jabłoński T., Jactel H., Jonsell M., Koląek M., Melin M., Milanović S., Nețoiu C., Nieberg M., Økland B., Pernek M., Perunová M., Schafstall N., Schroeder M., Steyrer G., Vakula J., Wohlgemuth T., Ylioja T., Liebhold A.M. (2025): Divergent trends in insect disturbance across Europe's temperate and boreal forests. Global Change Biology, 31: e70580. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Huber C. (2005): Long lasting nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34: 1772-1779. Go to original source...
    38. Jančo M., Mezei P., Kvas A., Danko M., Sleziak P., Minďáą J., ©kvarenina J. (2021): Effect of mature spruce forest on canopy interception in subalpine conditions during three growing seasons. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 69: 436-446. Go to original source...
    39. Jonáąová M., Prach K. (2008): The influence of bark beetles outbreak vs. salvage logging on ground layer vegetation in Central European mountain spruce forests. Biological Conservation, 141: 1525-1535. Go to original source...
    40. Jonczak J., Jankiewicz U., Kondras M., Kruczkowska B., Oktaba L., Oktaba J., Olejniczak I., Pawłowicz E., Polláková N., Raab T., Regulska E., Słowińska S., Sut-Lohmann M. (2020): The influence of birch trees (Betula spp.) on soil environment - A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 477: 118486. Go to original source...
    41. Jung H., Senf C., Beudert B., Krueger T. (2021): Bayesian hierarchical modeling of nitrate concentration in a forest stream affected by large-scale forest dieback. Water Resources Research, 57: e2020WR027264. Go to original source...
    42. Kędziora W., Szyc K., Silva J.S., Wójcik R. (2025): Drought and suboptimal habitats shape Norway spruce vulnerability to bark beetle outbreaks in Białowieża Forest, Poland. Land, 14: 2014. Go to original source...
    43. Konôpka B., ©ebeň V., Pajtík J., Shipley L.A. (2021): Excluding large wild herbivores reduced Norway spruce dominance and supported tree species richness in a young, naturally regenerated stand. Forests, 12: 737. Go to original source...
    44. Kopáček J., Bače R., Hejzlar J., Kaňa J., Kučera T., Matějka K., Porcal P., Turek J. (2020): Changes in microclimate and hydrology in an unmanaged mountain forest catchment after insect-induced tree dieback. Science of The Total Environment, 720: 137518. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Koyanagi K., Andreoli A., Nordio G., Pitscheider F., Tomelleri E., Comiti F. (2025): Disturbance-intervention interactions on post-windthrow hillslope runoff and erosion processes in the Eastern Italian Alps. Journal of Hydrology, 656: 133001. Go to original source...
    46. Krečmer V., Fojt V., Hynčica V. (1981): Intercepční proces ve smrkových porostech. Vodohospodársky časopis, 29: 593-614. (in Czech)
    47. Křístek ©., Apltauer J., Duąek D., Kačmařík V., Leugner J., Mlčouąek M., Pařízková A., Souček J., ©pulák O., Válek M. (2024): Generel obnovy lesních porostů po kalamitě. Brno, ÚHÚL: 73. Available at: https://www.uhul.cz/wp-content/uploads/Generel_etapa_VII.pdf (in Czech)
    48. Landhäusser S.M., Lieffers V.J., Silins U. (2003): Utilizing pioneer species as a hydrological nurse crop to lower water table for reforestation of poorly drained boreal sites. Annals of Forest Science, 60: 741-748. Go to original source...
    49. Langhammer J., Su Y., Bernsteinová J. (2015): Runoff response to climate warming and forest disturbance in a mid-mountain basin. Water, 7: 3320-3342. Go to original source...
    50. Lecina-Diaz J., Senf C., Grünig M., Seidl R. (2024): Ecosystem services at risk from disturbance in Europe's forests. Global Change Biology, 30: e17242. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Leugner J., Souček J., ©pulák O., Martiník A. (2023): Obnova kalamitních holin přes přípravný les. Strnady, VÚLHM: 36. Available at: https://www.vulhm.cz/files/uploads/2024/06/LP_13_2023.pdf (in Czech)
    52. Li Q., Wei X., Zhang M., Liu W., Fan H., Zhou G., Giles-Hansen K., Liu S., Wang Y. (2017): Forest cover change and water yield in large forested watersheds: A global synthetic assessment. Ecohydrology, 10: e1838. Go to original source...
    53. Löfgren S., Grandin U., Stendera S. (2014): Long-term effects on nitrogen and benthic fauna of extreme weather events: Examples from two Swedish headwater streams. AMBIO, 43: 58-76. Go to original source...
    54. Lubojacký J., Véle A., Samek M., Lorenc F., Kníľek M. (2025): Hlavní problémy v ochraně lesa v Česku v roce 2024 a prognóza na rok 2025. In: Lorenc F., Véle A., Kníľek M. (eds): ©kodliví činitelé v lesích Česka 2024/2025 - Ochrana lesa a ochrana přírody. Proceedings of a national seminar with international participation, Průhonice, Apr 24, 2025: 18-25. Available at: https://www.vulhm.cz/files/uploads/2025/04/ZOL_28_2025.pdf (in Czech)
    55. Lunde L.F., Birkemoe T., Sverdrup-Thygeson A., Asplund J., Halvorsen R., Kjønaas O.J., Nordén J., Maurice S., Skrede I., Nybakken L., Kauserud H. (2025): Towards repeated clear-cutting of boreal forests - A tipping point for biodiversity? Biological Reviews, 100: 1181-1205. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Martiník A., Dobrovolný L., Hurt V. (2014): Comparison of different forest regeneration methods after windthrow. Journal of Forest Science, 60: 190-197. Go to original source...
    57. Matuszkiewicz J.M., Affek A.N., Zaniewski P., Kołaczkowska E. (2024): Early response of understory vegetation to the mass dieback of Norway spruce in the European lowland temperate forest. Forest Ecosystems, 11: 100177. Go to original source...
    58. Mckie B.G., Malmqvist B. (2009): Assessing ecosystem functioning in streams affected by forest management: Increased leaf decomposition occurs without changes to the composition of benthic assemblages. Freshwater Biology, 54: 2086-2100. Go to original source...
    59. Meusburger K., Trotsiuk V., Schmidt-Walter P., Baltensweiler A., Brun P., Bernhard F., Gharun M., Habel R., Hagedorn F., Köchli R., Psomas A., Puhlmann H., Thimonier A., Waldner P., Zimmermann S., Walthert L. (2022): Soil-plant interactions modulated water availability of Swiss forests during the 2015 and 2018 droughts. Global Change Biology, 28: 5928-5944. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Mezei P., Grodzki W., Blaľenec M., Jakuą R. (2014): Factors influencing the wind-bark beetles' disturbance system in the course of an Ips typographus outbreak in the Tatra Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management, 312: 67-77. Go to original source...
    61. Mikkelson K.M., Bearup L.A., Maxwell R.M., Stednick J.D., McCray J.E., Sharp J.O. (2013): Bark beetle infestation impacts on nutrient cycling, water quality and interdependent hydrological effects. Biogeochemistry, 115: 1-21. Go to original source...
    62. Mupepele A.C., Dormann C. (2016): Influence of forest harvest on nitrate concentration in temperate streams - A meta-analysis. Forests, 8: 5. Go to original source...
    63. Musolff A., Tarasova L., Rinke K., Ledesma J.L.J. (2024): Forest dieback alters nutrient pathways in a temperate headwater catchment. Hydrological Processes, 38: e15308. Go to original source...
    64. Nazari M., Eteghadipour M., Zarebanadkouki M., Ghorbani M., Dippold M.A., Bilyera N., Zamanian K. (2021): Impacts of logging-associated compaction on forest soils: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4: 780074. Go to original source...
    65. Netherer S., Panassiti B., Pennerstorfer J., Matthews B. (2019): Acute drought is an important driver of bark beetle infestation in Austrian Norway spruce stands. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2: 39. Go to original source...
    66. Neudertová Hellebrandová K., Fadrhonsová V., ©rámek V. (2026): Hydrochemical resilience of mountain forest catchments to bark beetle disturbance: A Central European study. Forests, 17: 78. Go to original source...
    67. Neuner S., Albrecht A., Cullmann D., Engels F., Griess V.C., Hahn W.A., Hanewinkel M., Härtl F., Kölling C., Staupendahl K., Knoke T. (2015): Survival of Norway spruce remains higher in mixed stands under a dryer and warmer climate. Global Change Biology, 21: 935-946. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Nordén B., Götmark F., Tönnberg M., Ryberg M. (2004): Dead wood in semi-natural temperate broadleaved woodland: Contribution of coarse and fine dead wood, attached dead wood and stumps. Forest Ecology and Management, 194: 235-248. Go to original source...
    69. Novak M., Holmden C., Andronikov A.V., Erban Kochergina Y.V., Kirchner J.W., Paces T., Kachlik V., Veselovsky F., Hruąka J., Laufek F., Koubova M., Stepanova M., Prechova E., Sebek O., Curik J., Tesar M., Fottova D., Andronikova I.E., Komarek A. (2024): Mg, Ca and Sr isotope dynamics in a small forested catchment underlain by paragneiss: The role of geogenic, atmospheric, and biogenic sources of base cations. Geoderma, 442: 116768. Go to original source...
    70. Oda T., Ohte N., Suzuki M. (2011): Importance of frequent storm flow data for evaluating changes in stream water chemistry following clear-cutting in Japanese headwater catchments. Forest Ecology and Management, 262: 1305-1317. Go to original source...
    71. Panagos P., Borrelli P., Meusburger K., Alewell C., Lugato E., Montanarella L. (2015): Estimating the soil erosion cover-management factor at the European scale. Land Use Policy, 48: 38-50. Go to original source...
    72. Paquette A., Messier C. (2010): The role of plantations in managing the world's forests in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8: 27-34. Go to original source...
    73. Patacca M., Lindner M., Lucas-Borja M.E., Cordonnier T., Fidej G., Gardiner B., Hauf Y., Jasinevičius G., Labonne S., Linkevičius E., Mahnken M., Milanovic S., Nabuurs G., Nagel T.A., Nikinmaa L., Panyatov M., Bercak R., Seidl R., Ostrogović Sever M.Z., Socha J., Thom D., Vuletic D., Zudin S., Schelhaas M. (2023): Significant increase in natural disturbance impacts on European forests since 1950. Global Change Biology, 29: 1359-1376. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Pearce F. (2020): Weather makers. Science, 368: 1302-1305. Go to original source...
    75. Pommerening A., Murphy S.T. (2004): A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry, 77: 27-44. Go to original source...
    76. Přívětivý T., ©amonil P. (2021): Variation in downed deadwood density, biomass, and moisture during decomposition in a natural temperate forest. Forests, 12: 1352. Go to original source...
    77. Puettmann K.J., Wilson S.M., Baker S.C., Donoso P.J., Drössler L., Amente G., Harvey B.D., Knoke T., Lu Y., Nocentini S., Putz F.E., Yoshida T., Bauhus J. (2015): Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - What limits global adoption? Forest Ecosystems, 2: 8. Go to original source...
    78. Rajwa-Kuligiewicz A., Bojarczuk A. (2024): Streamflow response to catastrophic windthrow and forest recovery in subalpine spruce forest. Journal of Hydrology, 634: 131078. Go to original source...
    79. Reinhardt-Imjela C., Imjela R., Bölscher J., Schulte A. (2018): The impact of late medieval deforestation and 20th century forest decline on extreme flood magnitudes in the Ore Mountains (Southeastern Germany). Quaternary International, 475: 42-53. Go to original source...
    80. Rhoades C.C. (2019): Soil nitrogen leaching in logged beetle-killed forests and implications for riparian fuel reduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48: 305-313. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Rozman A., Diaci J., Krese A., Fidej G., Rozenbergar D. (2015): Forest regeneration dynamics following bark beetle outbreak in Norway spruce stands: Influence of meso-relief, forest edge distance and deer browsing. Forest Ecology and Management, 353: 196-207. Go to original source...
    82. ©ach F., ©vihla V., Černohous V., Kantor P. (2014): Management of mountain forests in the hydrology of a landscape, the Czech Republic. Journal of Forest Science, 60: 42-50. Go to original source...
    83. Schelhaas M., Nabuurs G., Schuck A. (2003): Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Global Change Biology, 9: 1620-1633. Go to original source...
    84. Schmidt S.I., Hejzlar J., Kopáček J., Paule-Mercado Ma.C., Porcal P., Vystavna Y., Lanta V. (2022): Forest damage and subsequent recovery alter the water composition in mountain lake catchments. Science of The Total Environment, 827: 154293. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Schroeder L.M., Lindelöw Å. (2003): Response of Ips typographus (Scolytidae: Coleoptera) and other bark- and wood-boring beetles to a flash-flood event. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 18: 218-224. Go to original source...
    86. Slodicak M., Novak J. (2006): Silvicultural measures to increase the mechanical stability of pure secondary Norway spruce stands before conversion. Forest Ecology and Management, 224: 252-257. Go to original source...
    87. Souček J., Leugner J., Pulkrab K., Sloup R., Jurásek A., Martiník A. (2016): Dvoufázová obnova lesa na kalamitních holinách s vyuľitím přípravných dřevin. Lesnický průvodce 10/2016. Strnady, VÚLHM: 35. (in Czech)
    88. Sperry J.S., Love D.M. (2015): What plant hydraulics can tell us about responses to climate-change droughts. New Phytologist, 207: 14-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. ©pulák O., Kacálek D. (2020): Spontaneous development of early successional vegetation improves Norway spruce forest soil after clear-cutting and renewal failure: A case study at a sandy-soil site. Journal of Forest Science, 66: 36-47. Go to original source...
    90. ©rámek V., Neudertová Hellebrandová K., Fadrhonsová V. (2019): Interception and soil water relation in Norway spruce stands of different age during the contrasting vegetation seasons of 2017 and 2018. Journal of Forest Science, 65: 51-60. Go to original source...
    91. ©rámek V., Fadrhonsová V., Neudertová Hellebrandová K. (2026): Vývoj půdní vlhkosti v povodích pravostranných přítoků Černé Opavy v Hrubém Jeseníku. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 70: 161-173. (in Czech) Go to original source...
    92. Stadelmann G., Bugmann H., Meier F., Wermelinger B., Bigler C. (2013): Effects of salvage logging and sanitation felling on bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) infestations. Forest Ecology and Management, 305: 273-281. Go to original source...
    93. ©vihla V., ©ach F., Černohous V. (2016): Vliv holých sečí či rychlého velkoploąného rozpadu lesa na celkový odtok za vegetační období. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 61: 138-144. (in Czech)
    94. ©vihla V., ©ach F., Černohous V. (2023): Odtoky z lesů v době klimatického sucha v povodí řeky Svratky. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 68: 59-64. (in Czech) Go to original source...
    95. Swank W.T., Webster J.R. (2014): Long-Term Response of a Forest Watershed Ecosystem: Clearcutting in the Southern Appalachians. New York, Oxford University Press: 253. Go to original source...
    96. Thonfeld F., Gessner U., Holzwarth S., Kriese J., Da Ponte E., Huth J., Kuenzer C. (2022): A first assessment of canopy cover loss in Germany's forests after the 2018-2020 drought years. Remote Sensing, 14: 562. Go to original source...
    97. Toth D., Maitah M., Maitah K., Jarolínová V. (2020): The impacts of calamity logging on the development of spruce wood prices in Czech forestry. Forests, 11: 283. Go to original source...
    98. Valtera M., Holík L., Volánek J., Rewald B. (2025): To log or not to log: Salvaging bark-beetle affected spruce stands results in direct losses of leaf litter C, stable topsoil C stocks, and shifts in enzyme stoichiometry. Forest Ecology and Management, 585: 122654. Go to original source...
    99. Van Der Ent R.J., Savenije H.H.G., Schaefli B., Steele-Dunne S.C. (2010): Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research, 46: 2010WR009127. Go to original source...
    100. Van Stan J.T. II, Gutmann E., Friesen J. (2020): Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation: A Global Synthesis. Cham, Springer International Publishing: 281. Go to original source...
    101. Vichta T., Volánek J., Kučera A., Holík L., Samec P., Valtera M., Bajer A., Balková M. (2025): Effects of salvage logging on the soil microclimate of temperate European forests following Norway spruce dieback. Forest Ecology and Management, 593: 122922. Go to original source...
    102. Webster J.R., Knoepp J.D., Swank W.T., Miniat C.F. (2016): Evidence for a regime shift in nitrogen export from a forested watershed. Ecosystems, 19: 881-895. Go to original source...
    103. Winter M.B., Baier R., Ammer C. (2015): Regeneration dynamics and resilience of unmanaged mountain forests in the Northern Limestone Alps following bark beetle-induced spruce dieback. European Journal of Forest Research, 134: 949-968. Go to original source...
    104. Winter C., Müller S., Kattenborn T., Stahl K., Szillat K., Weiler M., Schnabel F. (2025): Forest dieback in drinking water protection areas - A hidden threat to water quality. Earth's Future, 13: e2025EF006078. Go to original source...
    105. Zahradník P., Zahradníková M. (2019): Salvage felling in the Czech Republic's forests during the last twenty years. Central European Forestry Journal, 65: 12-20. Go to original source...
    106. Zemke J.J., Enderling M., Klein A., Skubski M. (2019): The influence of soil compaction on runoff formation. A case study focusing on skid trails at forested andosol sites. Geosciences, 9: 204. Go to original source...
    107. Zhang Q., Barnes M., Benson M., Burakowski E., Oishi A.C., Ouimette A., Sanders-DeMott R., Stoy P.C., Wenzel M., Xiong L., Yi K., Novick K.A. (2020): Reforestation and surface cooling in temperate zones: Mechanisms and implications. Global Change Biology, 26: 3384-3401. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content