J. For. Sci., 2024, 70(5):249-263 | DOI: 10.17221/3/2024-JFS

Overgrazing strongly impedes the natural regeneration of the endemic Boswellia species on Socotra IslandOriginal Paper

Salem Hamdiah1,2, Klemen Eler2, Kay Van Damme1, Fabio Attorre3, Dario La Montagna3, Michele De Sanctis3, Mohammed Shaneyehen1, Mohammed Amar1, Theodore Danso Marfo4, Petr Maděra1
1 Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
2 Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
3 Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza – University of Rome, Rome, Italy
4 Department of Environmental Management and Technology, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana

Frankincense trees (Boswellia spp.) worldwide are affected by a number of threats, including global warming and changing land management practices. On the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen), which harbours eleven endemic Boswellia species, grazing is generally assumed to be one of the main threats preventing natural regeneration. To test the impact of overgrazing on natural regeneration, we established an in situ experiment on four different Boswellia taxa in different areas of Socotra Island. Mortality and the height increment of seedlings were measured for a period of two/three years in five plots excluded from grazing (fenced) and in five paired control (unfenced) plots. Each plot was 50 m × 50 m in size and contained several adult trees as a source of viable seeds. Our results show that seedling mortality was significantly higher, and seedling height increment generally (4 out of 5 sites) lower in open compared to fenced plots. In the fenced plots, the number of seedlings for all species reached up to 772, with 560 surviving seedlings. In comparison, the control plots reached up to 296 seedlings, with 176 seedlings surviving after 2–3 years. The results of our experimental study indicate that grazing directly threatens the natural regeneration of the endemic Boswellia on Socotra Island. However, seedling mortality remained relatively high inside the exclosures as well, which indicates that even without the pressure of livestock grazing, other impacts remain a challenge for the future conservation of the archipelago's unique frankincense trees.

Keywords: dryland flora; exclosure experiments; frankincense trees; land management; seedling survival and mortality

Received: January 11, 2024; Revised: April 3, 2024; Accepted: April 5, 2024; Published: May 24, 2024  Show citation

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Hamdiah S, Eler K, Van Damme K, Attorre F, La Montagna D, De Sanctis M, et al.. Overgrazing strongly impedes the natural regeneration of the endemic Boswellia species on Socotra Island. J. For. Sci. 2024;70(5):249-263. doi: 10.17221/3/2024-JFS.
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