J. For. Sci., 2026, 72(1):28-41 | DOI: 10.17221/2/2026-JFS
Unearthing the hidden domain of epicormic shoots: Insights into forest management impacts on Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.Original Paper
- 1 National Forest Centre, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
- 2 Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- 3 Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
Forest management of durmast oak stands [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] is focused on the production of high-quality assortments for the furniture industry. Due to various forest management factors and impacts of climate change, their vitality and quality are often reduced. Sudden illumination of the oak trunk caused by management cuts can lead to epicormic shoot formation. This study compared two localities and nine long-term research plots at the stand age of 62–68 years in Slovakia. While one locality was affected by the massive dieback of oak in the past, the other was not. The epicormic shoot occurrence was monitored separately in the lower and upper parts of the trunk, depending on selected quantitative tree parameters and on the various management methods. The formation of epicormic shoot was influenced especially by DBH, crown width and crown volume. The occurrence of shoots was always markedly higher in the upper part of the trunk compared to the lower one. During a 35-year period, the development of the proportion of epicormic shoots in the lower part of the trunk in the locality with massive dieback of oak confirmed a higher occurrence on control plots compared to the managed plots with thinning interventions. It showed that the occurrence of epicormic shoots in durmast oak stands was influenced not only by different methods of management but also by the dieback effect in the past. Promoting more intensive thinning in early-stage oak stands is advised, as it prompts trees to develop larger crowns with limiting formation of epicormic shoots.
Keywords: dieback effect; durmast oak; economic looses; stand density; thinning
Received: January 7, 2026; Revised: January 15, 2026; Accepted: January 15, 2026; Published: January 30, 2026 Show citation
| ACS | AIP | APA | ASA | Harvard | Chicago | Chicago Notes | IEEE | ISO690 | MLA | NLM | Turabian | Vancouver |
© The authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0).
Download citation
References
- Ábri T., Keserű Z., Honfy V., Rédei K.M. (2025): Diameter growth performance of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in northeastern Hungary. Journal of Forest Science, 71: 384-392.
Go to original source... - Attocchi G. (2013): Effects of pruning and stand density on the production of new epicormic shoots in young stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Annals of Forest Science, 70: 663-673.
Go to original source... - Attocchi G. (2015): Silviculture of oak for high-quality wood production. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, 39: 1-86.
- Baksa L. (1970): Produkčný cieľ v dubinách. Bratislava, Príroda: 148. (in Slovak)
- Baksa L. (1975): Výchova dubových porastov. (Záverečná správa). Zvolen, VÚLH: 112. (in Slovak)
- Bárdos B., Nahóczki L., Molnár D., Frank N., Köveskuti Z., Folcz Á. (2015): Investigation of epicormic shoot growth of sessile oak in shelterwood cutting stands. Erdészettudományi Közlemények, 5: 71-83.
Go to original source... - Bobinac M., Andrašev S. (2001): Effects of silvicultural treatments in remediating the devitalisation consequences in a young pedunculate oak stand. Glasnik Šumarskog Fakulteta, Univerzitet u Beogradu, 84: 17-32.
- Buresti E., de Meo I., Pelleri F. (2000): Criteri e risultati di un diradamento in un impianto di arboricltura da legno di farnia (Quercus robur L.). Annali dell Istituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, 29: 29-40. (in Italian)
- Čapek M., Brutovský D., Finďo S., Grék J., Halaj J., Hešková A., Leontovič R. (1985): Hromadné hynutie dubov na Slovensku. Bratislava, Príroda: 112. (in Slovak)
- Černý J., Špulák O., Kománek M., Žižková E., Sýkora P. (2024): Sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] and its adaptation strategies in the context of global climate change: A review. Central European Forestry Journal, 70: 77-94.
Go to original source... - Chroust L. (1997): Ekologie výchovy lesních porostů. Opočno, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute: 277. (in Czech)
- Chroust L. (2007): Quality selection in young oak stands. Journal of Forest Science, 53: 210-221.
Go to original source... - Colin F., Robert N., Druelle J.L., Fontaine F. (2008): Initial spacing has little influence on transient epicormic shoots in a 20-year-old sessile oak plantation. Annals of Forest Science, 65: 508.
Go to original source... - Colin F., Mechergui R., Dhôte J.F., Fontaine F. (2010): Epicormic ontogeny on Quercus petraea trunks and thinning effects quantified with the epicormic composition. Annals of Forest Science, 67: 813.
Go to original source... - Cukor J., Linhart L., Vacek Z., Baláš M., Linda R. (2017a): The effects of Alginite fertilization on selected tree species seedlings performance on afforested agricultural lands. Central European Forestry Journal, 63: 48-56.
Go to original source... - Cukor J., Vacek Z., Linda R., Remeš J., Bílek L., Sharma R.P., Baláš M., Kupka I. (2017b): Effect of mineral eco-fertilizer on growth and mortality of young afforestations. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 134: 367-385.
- Cukor J., Vacek Z., Vacek S., Linda R., Podrázský V. (2022): Biomass productivity, forest stability, carbon balance, and soil transformation of agricultural land afforestation: A case study of suitability of native tree species in the submontane zone in Czechia. Catena, 210: 105893.
Go to original source... - Dušek D., Slodičák M., Novák J. (2011): Vliv pozitivního a negativního výběru uplatněného při prvních výchovných zásazích na růst a vývoj dubové mlaziny. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 56: 125-129. (in Czech)
- Eaton E., Caudullo G., Oliveira S., De Rigo D. (2016): Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe: Distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J., de Rigo D., Caudullo G., Houston Durrant T., Mauri A. (eds): European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Luxembourg, Publication Office of the European Union: 60-163.
- Eisenhauer D.R. (1989): Posúdenie vývoja stability vybraných dubových ekosystémov. Acta Facultatis Forestalis Zvolen, 31: 143-157. (in Slovak)
- Fürst C., Vacik H., Lorz C., Makeschin F., Podrázský V., Janeček V. (2007): Meeting the challenges of process-oriented forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 248: 1-5.
Go to original source... - Gaertig T.H., Schack-Kirschner H., Hildebrang E.E., Wilpert K. (2002): The impact of soil aeration on oak decline in southwestern Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 159: 15-25.
Go to original source... - Gubka K., Sklenár P. (2006). Porovnanie niektorých znakov štruktúry porastov duba červeného (Quercus rubra L.) a duba zimného [Quercus petraea (Mattusch) Liebl.]. Acta Facultatis Forestalis Zvolen, 48: 183-196.
- Harmer R. (1990): The timing of canopy and epicormic shoot growth in Quercus robur L. Forestry, 63: 279-283.
Go to original source... - Hochbichler E. (1993): Methods of oak silviculture in Austria. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 50: 583-591.
Go to original source... - Hurt V. (2012): Produkční potenciál a stabilita smíšeného dubohabrového porostu na eutrofním stanovišti ve Ždánickém lese. In: Saniga M., Kucbel S., Jaloviar P. (eds.): Silviculture in Central Europe. Zvolen, Technical University in Zvolen: 153-163. (in Czech)
- Jakucs P. (1988): Ecological approach to forest decay in Hungary. Ambio, 17: 267-274.
- Kadavý J., Adamec Z., Uherková B., Kneifl M., Knott R., Kučera A., Friedl M., Dařenová E., Skládanka J., Drápela K. (2019): Growth response of sessile oak and European hornbeam to traditional coppice-with-standards management. Forests, 10: 515.
Go to original source... - Keenan R.J. (2015): Climate change impacts and adaptation in forest management: A review. Annals of Forest Science, 72: 145-167.
Go to original source... - Kerr G. (1996): The effect of heavy or 'free growth' thinning on oak (Quercus petraea and Q. robur). Forestry, 69: 303-317.
Go to original source... - Kerr G., Harmer R. (2001): Production of epicormic shoots on oak (Quercus robur): Effects of frequency and time of pruning. Forestry, 74: 467-477.
Go to original source... - Korpeľ Š. (1981): Výchova zmiešaných dubových porastov a jej vplyv na štruktúru a produkciu. Vedecké práce Výskumného ústavu lesného hospodárstva vo Zvolene, 31: 65-109. (in Slovak)
- Korpeľ Š. (1984): Racionalizácia výchovy dubových húštin neceloplošnou čistkou vo vlhkých bukových dúbravách. Acta Facultatis Forestalis, 26: 79-97. (in Slovak)
- Krahl-Urban J. (1959): Die Eichen. Hamburg, Verlag Paul Parey: 288. (in German)
- Kupka K. (2013): QC.Expert 3.1. Uživatelský manuál. Pardubice, TryloByte: 266. (in Czech)
- Leibundgut H. (1945): Über die waldbauliche Behandlung der Eiche. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 1: 49-58. (in German)
- Leontovyč R., Patočka J., Grék J. (1987): Výskyt a význam hromadného hynutia dubov vo svete a na Slovensku. Vedecké práce Výskumného ústavu lesného hospodárstva vo Zvolene, 36: 13-32. (in Slovak)
- Lorrain-Smith R. (1972): Economic problems of growing hardwoods in Great Britain. Arboricultural Journal, 3: 164-169.
Go to original source... - Malaisse F., Burgeon D., Degreef J., Deom B., Van Doren B. (1993): Le dépérissement des chênes indigènes en Europe occidentale. Note 1. - Symptômes de perte de vitalité. Belgium Journal of Botany, 126: 191-205. (in French)
- MARD SR (2025): Green Report Brochure 2024. Bratislava, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic: 74.
- McDonald P., Ritchie M.W. (1994): Epicormic branching of California black oak: Effect of stand and tree characteristics. Northwest Science, 68: 6-10.
- Michailoff I. (1943): Zahlenmässiges Verfahren für die Ausführung der Bestandeshöhenkurven. Forstwissenschaftkiches Centralblatt und Tharandter Forstliches Jahrbuch, 6: 273-279. (in German)
- Miltner S., Podrázský V., Baláš M., Kupka I. (2017): Vliv dubu červeného (Quercus rubra L.) na lesní stanoviště. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 62: 109-115. (in Czech)
- Mölder A., Meyer P., Nagel R.V. (2019): Integrative management to sustain biodiversity and ecological continuity in Central European temperate oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) forests: An overview. Forest Ecology and Management, 437: 324-339.
Go to original source... - Morisset J.B., Mothe F., Chopard B., François D., Fontaine F., Colin F. (2012a): Does past emergence of epicormic shoots control current composition of epicormic types? Annals of Forest Science, 69: 139-152.
Go to original source... - Morisset J.B., Mothe F., Colin F. (2012b): Observation of Quercus petraea epicormic with X-ray CT reveals strong pith-to-bark correlations: Silvicultural and ecological implications. Forest Ecology and Management, 278: 127-137.
Go to original source... - Nicolescu V.N., Vor T., Brus R., Dodan M., Peric S., Podrázský V., Andrašev S., Tsavkov E., Ayan S., Yucedag C., Trajkov P., Kolevska D.D., Buzatu-Goanta C., Pstor M., Macejovský V., Modranský J., Klisz M., Gil W., Lavnyy V., Madsen P., La Porta N., Brtlett D. (2025): Management of sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Mat.) Liebl.], a major forest species in Europe. Journal of Forestry Research, 36: 78.
Go to original source... - Petráš R., Pajtík J. (1991): Sústava česko-slovenských objemových tabuliek drevín. Lesnícky časopis, 37: 49-56. (in Slovak)
- Podrázský V., Kupka I. (2024): Vliv dubu červeného (Quercus rubra L.) na stav lesních půd - Případová studie. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 69: 143-148. (in Czech)
Go to original source... - Poleno Z., Vacek S., Podrázský V., Remeš J., Štefančík I., Mikeska M., Kobliha J., Kupka I., Malík V., Turčáni M., Dvořák J., Zatloukal V., Bílek L., Baláš M., Simon J. (2009): Pěstování lesů III. Praktické postupy pěstování lesů. Kostelec nad Černými lesy, Lesnická práce: 952. (in Czech)
- Pretzsch H., Utschig H. (1995): Die Eichen-versuchsflächen im Forstamt Elmstein-Nord. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, 50: 67-71. (in German)
- Pretzsch H., Steckel M., Heym M., Biber P., Ammer C., Ehbrecht M., Bielak K., Bravo F., Ordóñez C., Collet C., Vast F., Drössler L., Brazaitis G., Godvod K., Jansons A., de-Dios-García J., Löf M., Aldea J., Korboulewsky N., Reventlow D.O.J., Nothdurft A., Engel M., Pach M., Skrzyszewski J., Pardos M., Ponette Q., Sitko R., Fabrika M., Svoboda M., Černý J., Wolff B., Ruíz-Peinado R., del Río M. (2020): Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak [Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe. European Journal of Forest Research, 139: 349-367.
Go to original source... - Račko J., Šmelko Š., Scheer Ľ., Pánek F. (1987): Využitie leteckej snímky pri výskume a inventarizácii porastov postihnutých hromadným hynutím duba. Vedecké práce Výskumného ústavu lesného hospodárstva vo Zvolene, 36: 243-254. (in Slovak)
- Remiš J. (1982): Včasnosť ako racionalizačný aspekt určenia cieľových stromov v dubinách. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 27: 20-23. (in Slovak)
- Scheer Ľ., Sedmák R. (2014): Biometria. Zvolen, Technical University in Zvolen: 310. (in Slovak)
- Schütz J.P. (1993): High-quality oak silviculture in Switzerland - Concepts of education and production in the marginal range of European oak. Annals of Forest Science, 50: 553-562.
Go to original source... - Seidl R., Thom D., Kautz M., Martin-Benito D., Peltoniemi M., Vacchiano G., Wild J., Ascoli D., Petr M., Honkaniemi J., Lexer M.J., Trotsiuk V., Mairota P., Svoboda M., Fabrika M., Nagel T., Reyer C.P. (2017): Forest disturbances under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 7: 395-402.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed... - Šimková M., Vacek S., Šimůnek V., Vacek Z., Cukor J., Hájek V., Bílek L., Prokůpková A., Štefančík I., Sitková Z., Lukáčik I. (2023): Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) resilience to climate change: Insights from coppice forests in Southern and Central Europe. Forests, 14: 2403.
Go to original source... - Siwecki R., Ufnalski K. (1998): Review of oak stand decline with special reference to the role of drought in Poland. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 28: 99-112.
Go to original source... - Slávik M., Štefančík I. (2015): Comparison of selected qualitative characteristics of stem in oak stands under varying effects of auxiliary tree species. Lesnícky časopis - Forestry Journal, 61: 31-36. (in Czech)
Go to original source... - Slodičák M., Novák J., Dušek D. (2009): Thinning of oak stands - Results of 12-year study in oak thicket. In: Štefančík I., Kamenský M. (eds): Pestovanie lesa ako nástroj cieľavedomého využívania potenciálu lesov. Zvolen, NLC: 184-189.
- Sloup M., Slodičák M., Lehnerová L., Lehečka J. (2019): Vliv prvních výchovných zásahů na růst a vývoj mlaziny dubu zimního. Lesnická Práce, 98: 38-42. (in Czech)
- Šmelko Š., Scheer Ľ., Petráš R., Ďurský J., Fabrika M. (2003): Meranie lesa a dreva. Zvolen, ÚVVPLVH: 240. (in Slovak)
- Stavi I., Thevs N., Welp M., Zdruli P. (2022): Provisioning ecosystem services related with oak (Quercus) systems: A review of challenges and opportunities. Agroforestry Systems, 96: 293-313.
Go to original source... - Štefančík L. (1984): Úrovňová voľná prebierka - Metóda biologickej intenzifikácie a racionalizácie selekčnej výchovy bukových porastov. Vedecké práce Výskumného ústavu lesného hospodárstva vo Zvolene, 34: 69-112. (in Slovak)
- Štefančík L. (1991): Výsledky výskumu neceloplošnej výchovy mladých dubových porastov. Vedecké práce Výskumného ústavu lesného hospodárstva vo Zvolene, 40: 169-191. (in Slovak)
- Štefančík I. (2011): Výsledky výskumu neceloplošnej výchovy dubového porastu z prirodzenej obnovy. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 56: 255-264. (in Slovak)
- Štefančík I. (2012): Growth characteristics of oak [Quercus petraea (Mattusch.) Liebl.] stand under different thinning regimes. Journal of Forest Science, 58: 67-78.
Go to original source... - Štefančík I., Strmeň S. (2012): Assessment of structure, growth and development of oak stand [Quercus petraea (Mattusch.) Liebl.] affected by mass decay in the past. Lesnícky časopis - Forestry Journal, 58: 10-21. (in Slovak)
Go to original source... - Thomas F.M., Blank R., Hartmann G. (2002): Abiotic and biotic factors and their interactions as causes of oak decline in Central Europe. Forest Pathology, 32: 277-307.
Go to original source... - Tomczak K., Mania P., Cukor J., Vacek Z., Komorowicz M., Tomczak A. (2024): Wood quality of pendulate oak on post-agricultural land: A case study based on physico-mechanical and anatomical properties. Forests, 15: 1394.
Go to original source... - Vacek Z., Vacek S., Bílek L., Král J., Ulbrichová I., Simon J., Bulušek D. (2018a): Impact of applied silvicultural systems on spatial pattern of hornbeam-oak forests. Central European Forestry Journal, 64: 33-45.
Go to original source... - Vacek Z., Cukor J., Vacek S., Podrázský V., Rostislav L., Kovařík J. (2018b): Forest biodiversity and production potential of post-mining landscape: Opting for afforestation or leaving it to spontaneous development? Central European Forestry Journal, 64: 116-126.
Go to original source... - Vacek S., Vacek Z., Ulbrichová I., Bulušek D., Prokůpková A., Král J., Vančura K. (2019): Biodiversity dynamics of differently managed lowland forests left to spontaneous development in Central Europe. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 136: 249-282.
- Vacek Z., Prokůpková A., Vacek S., Cukor J., Bílek L., Gallo J., Bulušek D. (2020): Silviculture as a tool to support stability and diversity of forests under climate change: Study from Krkonoše Mountains. Central European Forestry Journal, 66: 116-129.
Go to original source... - Vacek Z., Vacek S., Cukor J. (2023): European forests under global climate change: Review of tree growth processes, crises and management strategies. Journal of Environmental Management, 332: 117353.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed... - Vančura K., Šimková M., Vacek Z., Vacek S., Gallo J., Šimůnek V., Podrázský V., Štefančík I., Hájek V., Prokůpková A., Králíček I. (2022): Effects of environmental factors and management on dynamics of mixed calcareous forests under climate change in Central European lowlands. Dendrobiology, 87: 79-100.
Go to original source... - Venet J. (1967): Sylviculture des forêts de chêne de tranchage. Revue Forestière Française, 19: 585-597. (in French)
Go to original source... - Von Oheimb G., Härdtle W., Naumann P.S., Westphal C., Assmann T., Meyer H. (2008): Long-term effects of historical heathland farming on soil properties of forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 1984-1993.
Go to original source... - Wignall T.A., Browning G., Mackenzie K.A.D. (1987): The physiology of epicormic bud emergence in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) responses to partial notch girdling in thinned and unthinned stands. Forestry, 60: 45-56.
Go to original source... - Wignall T.A., Browning G. (1988): The effects of stand thinning and artificial shading on epicormic bud emergence in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 61: 45-59.
Go to original source... - Zúbrik M., Kunca A., Galko J., Rell S., Vakula J., Leontovyč R., Gubka A., Nikolov H. (2019): Stojíme pre ďalšou kalamitou mníšky veľkohlavej? Les & Letokruhy, 75: 28-29. (in Slovak)
- Žižková E., Kománek M., Krausková D., Černý J. (2025): Comparison of shelterwood and clear-cut regeneration methods on morphological traits of naturally regenerated sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] seedlings. Journal of Forest Science, 71: 542-554.
Go to original source...

ORCID...